Track

A Standard Tor Install on Ubuntu Linux

2010-08-23T01:46:00.002+08:00

I have been playing with this for months. A Linux newbie who has just installed Ubuntu, and wants to have Tor for own secure web browsing with Firefox and make their copy of Tor volunteer as a ‘Bridge’ that (hopefully) helps users in countries that have blocked Tor to access information censored by the state – may find this article helpful.

Read more about the Tor Software and the Tor Network. https://www.torproject.org and https://blog.torproject.org

The official guide for Debian/Ubuntu Linux is already very exhaustive, but I think it would make the Vidalia part easier by also incorporating tips elsewhere. My current versions of softwares involved in this case are:

I already have:
          Ubuntu 10.04.1 Lucid Lynx (installed on my hard drive)
I need to install the following in this guide:
          The latest stable version of Tor I want to install (0.2.1.26)
          TorButton for Firefox
          For graphical control, I also need the latest stable version of Vidalia (0.2.9)

Now let’s kick start. (first connect to the internet of course :D )

For Part 1-4 please see official guide for details. I only include brief notes and command line (Terminal) records here.

# 1. Install Tor

# Open Terminal. (Applications –> Accessories –> Terminal OR Ctrl+Alt+T) When you see a prompt like ‘kent@kent-laptop:~$ ’, enter the following command to edit your software sources file which is /etc/apt/sources.list with super user privileges (gksudo) the window-based text editor gedit.

gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

# For the sake of brevity, commands like this will be shown below as :

kent@kent-laptop:~$ gksudo gedit /etc/apt/sources.list

# where you only type the part after ‘kent@kent-laptop:~$’, and hit enter.

# In the gedit window that comes up, add a new independent line anywhere with this content,

deb http://deb.torproject.org/torproject.org lucid main

# Save and exit

# Back to the Terminal, we want to import a key thing, run command:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ gpg --keyserver keys.gnupg.net --recv 886DDD89

# which returns:

gpg: directory `/home/kent/.gnupg' created
gpg: new configuration file `/home/kent/.gnupg/gpg.conf' created
gpg: WARNING: options in `/home/kent/.gnupg/gpg.conf' are not yet active during this run
gpg: keyring `/home/kent/.gnupg/secring.gpg' created
gpg: keyring `/home/kent/.gnupg/pubring.gpg' created
gpg: requesting key 886DDD89 from hkp server keys.gnupg.net
gpg: /home/kent/.gnupg/trustdb.gpg: trustdb created
gpg: key 886DDD89: public key "deb.torproject.org archive signing key" imported
gpg: no ultimately trusted keys found
gpg: Total number processed: 1
gpg: imported: 1 (RSA: 1)

# we then follow by:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ gpg --export A3C4F0F979CAA22CDBA8F512EE8CBC9E886DDD89 | sudo apt-key add -

# which returns:

# And then,

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo apt-get update

# When the list finished generating,

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo apt-get install tor tor-geoipdb

# installation will start, ansewer ‘Y’ when prompted. When installation is finished, check whether a tor process is running by looking up its process ID:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ pidof tor

# which should return a 3- or 4-digit number.

# 2. Configure polipo

# Then download https://svn.torproject.org/svn/torbrowser/trunk/build-scripts/config/polipo.conf to your home folder (‘~’). Let it replace the existing polipo configuration file /etc/polipo/config (There are two consecutive commands here below)

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo cp /etc/polipo/config ~/polipo.config.backup
kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo cp ~/polipo.conf /etc/polipo/config

# Save all your other work and restart:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo shutdown -r now

# After this reboot, check that tor is running:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ pidof tor

# (which returns)

xxxx

(a 3- or 4-digit number)

# 3. Edit configuration file torrc

# The following should deviate a bit from the official guide, making the use of Vidalia easier. Back in the Terminal, we want to create a password Vidalia can access Tor by:

kent@kent-laptop:~$ tor --hash-password kingdom

# replace ‘kingdom’ with another password strong enough that you can think of (which returns)

Aug 22 02:26:57.858 [notice] Tor v0.2.1.26. This is experimental software. Do not rely on it for strong anonymity. (Running on Linux i686)
16:050611BAD67BDEAA6059CF0F8290E0A0BD9E2E8C12E3203F6888CB1546

## Copy and paste this long string after ‘16:’ to somewhere we can access later

###(Note: the following command-line record follows the above format, with comments and explanations which are only for you to read and should not be typed in, marked by ‘#’s at the beginning)

# edit the Tor configuration file torrc

kent@kent-laptop:~$ gksudo gedit /etc/tor/torrc

## In the gedit windows that pops up, we can do the make work of making tor work the way that suit our own needs. First we want to apply that hash password with a long string that we just find and Uncomment (remove the '#' before) the line 'ControlPort 9051'

## Two lines below, uncomment 'HashedControlPassword 16:EAA005966CF7BDF8290BAD0E0A0BD9E12E3203F6885061546112E8C8CB (or whatever this long string happens to be)'; replace EAA005966CF7BDF8290BAD0E0A0BD9E12E3203F6885061546112E8C8CB with 050611BAD67BDEAA6059CF0F8290E0A0BD9E2E8C12E3203F6888CB1546 (make sure this is pasted from the actual hashed password generated just now by the previous command ‘tor --hash-password ’)

## Under 'This section is just for relays, uncomment line 'ORPort 9001'; replace 9001 with 443

## Uncomment line 'ContactInfo Random Person <nobody AT example dot com>'; replace email address with your email address, leave ‘AT’ and ‘dot’ as they are

## At the end of file, uncomment line 'BridgeRelay 1' and 'ExitPolicy reject *:*'

## Save and exit

# 4. Check that configuration is correct

kent@kent-laptop:~$ tor --verify-config

Aug 22 02:45:05.237 [notice] Tor v0.2.1.26. This is experimental software. Do not rely on it for strong anonymity. (Running on Linux i686)
Aug 22 02:45:05.239 [notice] Choosing default nickname 'kentlaptop'
Configuration was valid

## Save your work and restart

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo shutdown -r now

...

# 5. Install TorButton

## Install TorButton in Firefox by googling... When done, apply tor in Firefox. Open https://check.torproject.org to make sure it is working.

# 6. Install Vidalia

kent@kent-laptop:~$ sudo apt-get install vidalia
...
## When seeing a pop-up blue-in-colour text interface asking 'Let Vidalia start Tor after stopping existing Tor process:', Choose 'No'
...

## installation should go on for a while. When finished, go to 'Applications -> Internet -> Vidalia'; in the upcoming 'Password Required' dialog box, type 'kingdom' (or the password you choose if you chose one), tick 'Remember my password', then 'OK'

## The Vidalia main panel should show that Tor is running now. :) Click ‘Message Log’ in the main panel, it should show whether you are connected to the Tor network at least as a client, and whether your relay (as a bridge or public node) is working (‘port reachability test successful/failed’).

Finally,

By all this we will have Tor as a process running in the background whenever your computer starts, Vidalia as a graphical control interface whenever we launch it ‘attached’ to this existing process. This bit of information comes from: https://trac.vidalia-project.net/wiki/FAQ#ExistingTor

Also because we chose to be a tor Bridge relay, a very small volume of encrypted traffic must be handled by your computer and internet connection when your Bridge is used by someone. Unlike being a puclic exit node, this will not get you into trouble by making you the source of abuse or spam messages. If you still don’t want to be a bridge relay, edit /etc/tor/torrc file, and put a # mark before the line ‘BridgeRelay 1’ near the end of the file.

## Please note, that if you are behind a router sharing an internet connection with several others, chances are your relay (Bridge/Public) will not work in the first instance. Ask the person who have access to the router setting (which is usually with the LAN IP of ‘192.168.1.1’ or ‘10.0.0.1’) to set Port Forwarding properly for you, provided you are the only person that run tor behind this router. Forward your relay port 443 or 9001 to the internal IP that your computer is currently allocated, e.g. ‘192.168.1.x’.

Try restart Tor or computer. Hopefully your relay will work. If not, it might help talking to you ISP.

The client function that enables anonymous browsing would usually work better anyway.

Other Sources

https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-doc-unix.html.en

https://www.torproject.org/docs/tor-doc-relay.html.en

Reflections on a BBC Radio Programme about the Decade of Internet and Google

2009-12-17T01:02:00.001+08:00

An insightful analysis of the age of the internet dominated by Google. Below is the web link to the programme where it is available for listening until 21st December 2009:

BBC Radio 4 – Defining the Decade, A Googling We Go 15th December 2009

As a new decade is coming near, we could not help but wonder what we have done and what we have experienced in the past ten years. So much of what the world has done in the last ten years has to be carried out via a screen, a keyboard, and the internet.

The programme recollects memories and interviews key e-entrepreneurs, Google employees as well as ordinary internet users who witnessed events and symbols that outline the growth and maturing of the internet since 1999: the millennium bug, the dot-com boom and bust, blogging, and Facebook. It touches upon topics such as the explosion of information that calls for powerful search engines, the internet as an extension of the real world, the internet censorship in China, the balance between sharing and protecting creativity, and our alarming yet growing dependence on machines to process information for us.

K.C.

Silent Identity

2009-03-15T03:30:00.001+08:00

To be honest, I wouldn't say I've done a very good job on my dissertation these days. Finding it hard to do all the transcriptions myself and summarise them in a shiny but logical way, I nevertheless enjoyed it. I'm amazed at the fact that all of my interviewees seemed puzzled when asked a short question, 'What is your cultural identity?'

'Fifty-fifty, maybe.'

They were born in the UK, or have immigrated here at a very young age with their Cantonese-speaking parents, and have been brought up in an English neighbourhood, sent to an English school, where they have made mostly English friends. I don't feel confident to comment on what they are, but I can feel that there is a trapped-in-the-middle dilemma there between two cultures, not considering, of course, any pressure they might feel at my presence, such as 'he loves to hear this', which I was unable to avoid.

One example of the Chinese-style humility, in a country where they are a minority, would appear to be the unreadiness to preach a 'Chineseness' to others: they keep it to themselves. They observed and learned a western social manner and take it very seriously in their own restaurants, and treat those with contempt who do not follow it or who have not learned to follow it. They seem to think that they have ventured, and have seen it all, and do not want to proclaim themselves 'king' of anything, but prefer to remain silent, invisible, anything rather than be seen as threatening or trouble-makers. I could notice myself influenced by it. I felt stupid and stopped sticking Chinese calligraphy works on to my own door, and have not found Chinese characters useful ever since, except at times when someone asks me for a Chinese version of their given name.

Among so many Chinese who are in this country because they are in a university of somewhere, I may not have the best talent needed to approach Chinese families, while some others may not think it's necessary to do so. But here I am doing this. Learning what they are may give a piece of thought about what you are, and boost your confidence in it.

je ne sais pas...

2008-04-11T05:41:00.001+08:00

It never failed to interest me how quickly we picked up French in a top Chinese university, and how quickly we forgot that as well. The brightest minds of the country followed a textbook that was written in the 1980s, with still quite a lot of old red propaganda scarily noticeable. We managed to hire a teacher from southern France. He told me that people no longer use some of the phrases we're happily learning, such as 'il fait quel prix?' for 'how much is it?' You just simply say 'c'est combien...'

Fine. I still remember the day we had our speaking exam. Having acquired a number of tenses, I staggered from word to word looking for the right way to describe my friend, my interest, and where I live, trying to hide my embarrassment with just a smile. It was all so funny.

Babel

2008-04-10T07:16:00.001+08:00

Where it once appeared

The whole-world-speak-English future may be a mixed blessing. Despite all sorts of problems aroused related to culture, identity, minorities education and rights, language shift and death, bilingualism and diglossia... all of these studied by sociolinguists with hefty works, it creates, however, the possibility that people who speak different mother tongues can work together at all. A biblical imagination, not long after the story of Noah's ark:

And the whole earth was of one language, and of one speech.
And it came to pass, as they journeyed from the east, that they found a plain in the land... and they dwelt there.
...
And they said, Go to, let us build us a city and a tower, whose top may reach unto heaven...
And the Lord said, 'Behold, the people is one, and they have all one language... and now nothing will be restrained from them... '
(Genesis 11:1-6)

God apparently was not happy about this, and probably afraid of the power of one language.

'let us go down, and confound their language, that they may not understand one another's speech.'
So the Lord scattered them abroad from thence upon the face of all the earth: And they left off to build the city (Genesis 11:7-8)

so the project of the city and the tower was over. This is the origin of the name 'Babel', because God scattered us all over the earth.

Believe this story or not, it gives you a piece of Christian mind of the world. While many of our ancestral Chinese fought desperately to guard the country, and attempted to approach the world just by influence of merits, Missionaries came, centuries ahead of navy troops. Believing the world didn't use to be multilingual (perhaps), they were willing to learn our language and translate religious texts, and converted many to Christian.

References

The Holy Bible, authorised King James Version with an introduction and notes by Robert Carroll & Stephen Prickett, 1997, Oxford University Press. ISBN 0192835254

Romaine, Suzanne, 2000, Language in Society: An Introduction to Sociolinguistics (2nd Edition). Oxford University Press. ISBN 0198731922

who's language

2008-04-10T06:23:00.007+08:00

where it once appeared Financial Time's full text

This was what I found when reading for my Cultural Identity course, though just a bit long to read. I experienced myself what the text reveals that is happening.

'By 2025 the number of English-speaking Chinese is likely to exceed the number of native English speakers in the rest of the world'

May 23, 2005 bookofjoe http://www.bookofjoe.com/2005/05/the_ascent_of_e.html

So said Gordon Brown, the U.K. finance minister, during a recent trip to China.

If we won't learn Chinese then the Chinese will simply do the heavy lifting and learn English.

It's as simple as that and it's happening.

The Financial Times is well aware of who's going to be ruling the planet in decades to come and is doing its level best to tell us, in our own language, how it's going to happen.

The Times article that follows, by Andrew Yeh, appeared on April 13, 2005.

It speaks for itself.

New Dawn in a Shared Language

Many more Chinese are learning English to further their opportunities, driving the market for education

On a typical weekday morning, Gao Long retreats to a snow-covered park among the grey buildings of Beijing Normal University to practise English by herself.

Several other students do the same.

Some sit on benches mumbling over books while others saunter to and fro in sub-zero temperatures while reading aloud.

They come to work on their spoken English and escape the cramped dormitories they share with many roommates.

"You don't disturb anybody in the park because everyone is reading out loud," said Ms Gao, a bespectacled college undergraduate.

"You have to rely on yourself - others can only give you a form or teach you certain ways but it's still up to you in the end."

Ms Gao spends her time here reading passages from her heavily marked English text, stopping every now and again to perfect her pronunciation of tricky words such as "pesticide".

As the weather warms up, she says, even more students from the college will come to the park to practise.

There are countless Chinese youths with the same curiosity and drive as Ms Gao for mastering the English language.

In a country imbued with the values of self-improvement, learning English is often viewed as one of the surest ways to improve one's career opportunities.

And these attitudes are expected to yield significant demand for education-related products and services in the years ahead.

China is a country that has historically placed great value on education. Yet its current fanaticism for learning English is unique.

"It's a phenomenon," said Zhou Chenggang, a former BBC correspondent who is now vice-president of New Oriental, a private Beijing-based company that runs a network of English teaching services around the country.

"The biggest motivation is that they know it will help their lives."

In China today, the keenest students of English tend to be those cramming for foreign exams, with the aim of going abroad and winning scholarships.

To do well on the Graduate Record Examination (GRE), a test of verbal, quantitative and analytical skills, for instance, a Chinese student must be familiar with up to 20,000 words.

And someone taking the Test of English as a Foreign Language (TOEFL) needs to learn around 7,500 words, Mr Zhou estimates.

Students in the capital, where the country's best universities are located, are known for reading and watching everything they can get their hands on.

This hunger for learning is expected to generate huge growth in the market for English education products, which includes teaching services, textbooks, test preparation manuals, dictionaries and information technology products and services.

The demand for classroom instruction has been increasing, too, though spending power in many Chinese cities remains limited.

New Oriental estimated its total enrolment was 750,000 last year, up from 450,000 in 2003.

And the demographic range of students is widening.

Mr Zhou of New Oriental says that in the 1990s nearly all students learning English were preparing for specific foreign exams - such as GRE, TOEFL and the International English Language Testing System - to give them a chance to study abroad or raise their prospects of a job at a multinational company.

These days those studying the language include children, older people and those with a general interest.

English texts are now the fastest growing sector in China's book education market and account for up to 8 per cent of the retail book market, according to Xin Guangwei, a publishing industry researcher and author of Publishing in China.

Numerous foreign education and publishing companies have been positioning themselves to cash in.

Their success, however, will be determined by the extent to which they can access the market and how well they can outperform and co-operate with Chinese publishing houses.

There is considerable Sino-foreign co-operation in the market for learning English. Oxford University Press and The Commercial Press, one of China's oldest publishing houses, together produce a bilingual English-Chinese pocket dictionary.

Oxford University is also involved in producing English coursework materials for China's classrooms.

Gunawan Hadi, Asia vice-president of McGraw-Hill Education, says his company has been working with Chinese publishers to develop English texts and reference materials.

He adds that the company's China revenues have grown steadily in the past five years.

Other foreign publishers such as Pearson Education and Cambridge University Press have also been trying to target the country's English enthusiasts.

Gordon Brown, the UK finance minister, said during a recent trip to China that Britain's education exports were now the fastest growing export earner, having nearly doubled in five years to £10.3bn ($19.5bn) - equivalent to about 1 per cent of the country's gross domestic product.

Mr Brown said that education exports would be vital to the UK economy - possibly reaching £20bn a year in 15 years time - and that China is expected to be the primary driver of growth.

Many believe that China already has the world's largest number of people learning English.

"In 20 years time, the number of English speakers in China is likely to exceed the number of speakers of English as a first language in all the rest of the world," Mr Brown said during a speech in Beijing.

"I believe this is a huge opportunity."

Those on the crest of the wave of learning are endlessly creative about study methods.

Jessy Zhao, a 23-year-old from China's western Xinjiang region who is now studying for a Masters in education at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, covered her dormitory room wall with memos with English words she wanted to remember.

"There was a movie that I really liked a lot when I started to learn English, so I tape recorded the conversation and repeated it again and again just for fun," said Ms Zhao.

Students can be particularly obsessive about memorising vocabulary. Maggie Cheng, a student of English at Beijing Foreign Studies University, recalls how someone from her home town was given two Oxford dictionaries by her family as study aids.

She ended up using one as a reference guide and the other for memorising.

"She would read a page and then rip a page - for a sense of accomplishment, I guess," Ms Cheng says.

There are many study aids available to Chinese students.

Aside from the internet and English books sold in stores, outdated foreign newspapers and magazines are often for sale at a discount from street vendors and underground hawkers.

Ms Gao of Beijing Normal University has been studiously flipping through issues of Time magazine because the "stories are real rather than a sham", she writes in an e-mail.

"I read every book I can, I'm very interested," explains Ms Gao, who spends long hours in the library.

"I think books help broaden our modes of thinking and knowledge."

********************

Cost and Complications Take Some of the Appeal Out of Studying Overseas

Despite China's fascination with the west, the number of Chinese students heading overseas has been declining in recent years, while those returning have been on the rise.

More than 114,600 students went abroad to study last year, down from 125,000 in 2002, according to statistics from China's education ministry.

And in the last five years, the number of Chinese returning from overseas stints has been increasing, exceeding 25,000 last year.

Many students are choosing to stay at home to avoid the cumbersome visa procedures associated with foreign travel and the heavy financial cost of studying abroad - in marked contrast to the trend of the 1990s.

UK universities in particular have witnessed a significant drop in the number of postgraduate applications from China, as well as other Asian countries.

But for many students, the returns they seek can only be met by leaving China, where the job market for young professionals is tight.

English language skills, coupled with scarce expertise in a technical area, are seen as a combination for success.

"I regard [learning English] as a key to open the door to another world in which there are different cultures and people I want to understand," says Annan Yang, a 23-year-old from Hangzhou, near Shanghai, who is studying for a PhD in biology at Johns Hopkins University in Washington.

"It's a tool like a computer to get information," she explains.

"Especially in science, if I want to know the development of a field, I must know English because the best magazines are in English."

Gao Long, a student at Beijing Normal University, says she wants to go to the US since it represents fairness and better opportunities.

A book she is now reading describes an American town where life is "in harmony with its surroundings".

"It's an open country," says the 16-year-old.

"In China, many jobs are based more on background. In America, people pay more attention to your ability."

THE WHEEL OF MANCHESTER

2008-04-04T03:19:00.004+08:00

My Medical Vocabulary (Expanding)

2007-06-21T00:15:00.000+08:00

(God it's still poor!!!)

structure

mucous membrane 粘膜
trachea 气管

microscopic

antigen 抗原
antibody 抗体

internal illnesses

aneamia 贫血
cholera 霍乱
appendicitis 阑尾炎
*diabetes 糖尿病
*`eczema 湿疹
`epilepsy 癫痫
*measles 麻疹
*rabies 狂犬病
hepatitis (A/B) (甲型/乙型)肝炎
influenza flu 流行性感冒
luk(a)emia 白血病
rhinitis 鼻炎
allergic rhinitis (hay fever) 过敏性鼻炎
pneumonia 肺炎
rash, eruption 疹

illness change

relapse 复发

surgery

arthritis 关节炎
bruise 挫伤

practices

physical = physical examination 体检

venues

sanatorium 疗养院

tools

narcotic 麻醉品 n.a.
an(a)esthesia 麻醉术

adjetives

con`genital 天生的
wholesome 合乎健康的

My classification may not be right. I'm not a medical student anyway. Please, kindly leave me any comments if you find something is wierd...

Reading Dairy

2007-04-25T09:27:00.000+08:00

I’ve got to tell the truth that I had been too busy with my study to actually have a mind on jotting down any diary while reading the weeks before TEM4. Very sorry for that. During this winter, however, I did made about three logs on what I was reading, but unfortunately they have been carelessly deleted. I’ll try and see how well I can remember them.

Outline of The Count - Today

I’ve read The Count of Monte Cristo by Alexandre Dumas from time to time for the last couple of months. It is a story full of adventure and something masculine. Edmond Dantes, a kind-hearted talented and brave young man who is loved by those who know him. However, misfortune falls on him and he is put in jail by his enviers for 14 years. He manages to escape and gain freedom again, but he is no longer as naïve as he used to be. With the treasure he gets, he is now able to award those who once helped him, or, take revenge.

My Respond to Ch. I to Ch. VIII – 3 months ago

I at first read the book very slowly, but as the story gets more and more attractive, my speed and understanding increase just like when I’m seeing a movie. I couldn’t believe that. Edmond is arrested on his wedding, within the first 50 pages of the book, too soon for me to expect. I felt something heavy for life. He is given the best happiness life can offer, winning the respect of many, and marry a girl he loves, at an early age of 19. But fate can take it once all away! How could I get through all this if I were him?

But maybe such suffering, somehow to a man’s success, is necessary. As Edmond himself realizes, all these good things may “happen too early for him”. But I just couldn’t have imagined, the trial, like these happy moments too, would come so early so soon. Someone takes advantage of his activity, and says he’s a Bonapartist, and he loses his freedom right away.

Perhaps what Dumas wanted to say is a man’s value lies in the trials he stands through. However, can we say that so sure? I listened to Rachmaninov’s Piano Concertos while doing the reading, the last notes struck just in time when I finished the chapter where Edmond is put into the dungeon of the Prison on Chateau d’If, amid the sea. Rachmaninov’s music tells something about fate too, while he is on the liner heading for the New World, far away from his Russian hometown, to seek his career.

Respond to “freedom chapters”

Edmond made his fatherly friend, Faria, who used to be an Italian noble scholar, and they are the only human to talk to in a cell to each other. Faria teaches Edmond the knowledge he knows and made him a learned sailor. Faria finds this young man so good and worth his trust, that he gives the way to find his considerable buried treasure, which they can share once they escape. However Faria suffers from a fatal disease and dies before they can make their way out. In pain and grief, Edmond makes his escape to the open sea, though nearly loses his life. Freedom, as he can swim in and breathe.

More Reading Diaries coming up before Sunday

Commencement Address by Steve Jobs

2007-04-02T11:30:00.000+08:00

This is the text of the Commencement Address by Steve Jobs, CEO of Apple Computer and of Pixar Animation Studios, delivered on June 12, 2005. I listened to the audio clip and thought it is so inspiring that I need to share it here.

I am honored to be with you today at your commencement from one of the finest universities in the world. I never graduated from college. Truth be told, this is the closest I've ever gotten to a college graduation. Today I want to tell you three stories from my life. That's it. No big deal. Just three stories.

The first story is about connecting the dots.

I dropped out of Reed College after the first 6 months, but then stayed around as a drop-in for another 18 months or so before I really quit. So why did I drop out?

It started before I was born. My biological mother was a young, unwed college graduate student, and she decided to put me up for adoption. She felt very strongly that I should be adopted by college graduates, so everything was all set for me to be adopted at birth by a lawyer and his wife. Except that when I popped out they decided at the last minute that they really wanted a girl. So my parents, who were on a waiting list, got a call in the middle of the night asking: "We have an unexpected baby boy; do you want him?" They said: "Of course." My biological mother later found out that my mother had never graduated from college and that my father had never graduated from high school. She refused to sign the final adoption papers. She only relented a few months later when my parents promised that I would someday go to college.

And 17 years later I did go to college. But I naively chose a college that was almost as expensive as Stanford, and all of my working-class parents' savings were being spent on my college tuition. After six months, I couldn't see the value in it. I had no idea what I wanted to do with my life and no idea how college was going to help me figure it out. And here I was spending all of the money my parents had saved their entire life. So I decided to drop out and trust that it would all work out OK. It was pretty scary at the time, but looking back it was one of the best decisions I ever made. The minute I dropped out I could stop taking the required classes that didn't interest me, and begin dropping in on the ones that looked interesting.

It wasn't all romantic. I didn't have a dorm room, so I slept on the floor in friends' rooms, I returned coke bottles for the 5¢ deposits to buy food with, and I would walk the 7 miles across town every Sunday night to get one good meal a week at the Hare Krishna temple. I loved it. And much of what I stumbled into by following my curiosity and intuition turned out to be priceless later on. Let me give you one example:

Reed College at that time offered perhaps the best calligraphy instruction in the country. Throughout the campus every poster, every label on every drawer, was beautifully hand calligraphed. Because I had dropped out and didn't have to take the normal classes, I decided to take a calligraphy class to learn how to do this. I learned about serif and san serif typefaces, about varying the amount of space between different letter combinations, about what makes great typography great. It was beautiful, historical, artistically subtle in a way that science can't capture, and I found it fascinating.

None of this had even a hope of any practical application in my life. But ten years later, when we were designing the first Macintosh computer, it all came back to me. And we designed it all into the Mac. It was the first computer with beautiful typography. If I had never dropped in on that single course in college, the Mac would have never had multiple typefaces or proportionally spaced fonts. And since Windows just copied the Mac, its likely that no personal computer would have them. If I had never dropped out, I would have never dropped in on this calligraphy class, and personal computers might not have the wonderful typography that they do. Of course it was impossible to connect the dots looking forward when I was in college. But it was very, very clear looking backwards ten years later.

Again, you can't connect the dots looking forward; you can only connect them looking backwards. So you have to trust that the dots will somehow connect in your future. You have to trust in something - your gut, destiny, life, karma, whatever. This approach has never let me down, and it has made all the difference in my life.

My second story is about love and loss.

I was lucky Ð I found what I loved to do early in life. Woz and I started Apple in my parents garage when I was 20. We worked hard, and in 10 years Apple had grown from just the two of us in a garage into a $2 billion company with over 4000 employees. We had just released our finest creation - the Macintosh - a year earlier, and I had just turned 30. And then I got fired. How can you get fired from a company you started? Well, as Apple grew we hired someone who I thought was very talented to run the company with me, and for the first year or so things went well. But then our visions of the future began to diverge and eventually we had a falling out. When we did, our Board of Directors sided with him. So at 30 I was out. And very publicly out. What had been the focus of my entire adult life was gone, and it was devastating.

I really didn't know what to do for a few months. I felt that I had let the previous generation of entrepreneurs down - that I had dropped the baton as it was being passed to me. I met with David Packard and Bob Noyce and tried to apologize for screwing up so badly. I was a very public failure, and I even thought about running away from the valley. But something slowly began to dawn on me Ð I still loved what I did. The turn of events at Apple had not changed that one bit. I had been rejected, but I was still in love. And so I decided to start over.

I didn't see it then, but it turned out that getting fired from Apple was the best thing that could have ever happened to me. The heaviness of being successful was replaced by the lightness of being a beginner again, less sure about everything. It freed me to enter one of the most creative periods of my life.

During the next five years, I started a company named NeXT, another company named Pixar, and fell in love with an amazing woman who would become my wife. Pixar went on to create the worlds first computer animated feature film, Toy Story, and is now the most successful animation studio in the world. In a remarkable turn of events, Apple bought NeXT, I retuned to Apple, and the technology we developed at NeXT is at the heart of Apple's current renaissance. And Laurene and I have a wonderful family together.

I'm pretty sure none of this would have happened if I hadn't been fired from Apple. It was awful tasting medicine, but I guess the patient needed it. Sometimes life hits you in the head with a brick. Don't lose faith. I'm convinced that the only thing that kept me going was that I loved what I did. You've got to find what you love. And that is as true for your work as it is for your lovers. Your work is going to fill a large part of your life, and the only way to be truly satisfied is to do what you believe is great work. And the only way to do great work is to love what you do. If you haven't found it yet, keep looking. Don't settle. As with all matters of the heart, you'll know when you find it. And, like any great relationship, it just gets better and better as the years roll on. So keep looking until you find it. Don't settle.

My third story is about death.

When I was 17, I read a quote that went something like: "If you live each day as if it was your last, someday you'll most certainly be right." It made an impression on me, and since then, for the past 33 years, I have looked in the mirror every morning and asked myself: "If today were the last day of my life, would I want to do what I am about to do today?" And whenever the answer has been "No" for too many days in a row, I know I need to change something.

Remembering that I'll be dead soon is the most important tool I've ever encountered to help me make the big choices in life. Because almost everything Ð all external expectations, all pride, all fear of embarrassment or failure - these things just fall away in the face of death, leaving only what is truly important. Remembering that you are going to die is the best way I know to avoid the trap of thinking you have something to lose. You are already naked. There is no reason not to follow your heart.

About a year ago I was diagnosed with cancer. I had a scan at 7:30 in the morning, and it clearly showed a tumor on my pancreas. I didn't even know what a pancreas was. The doctors told me this was almost certainly a type of cancer that is incurable, and that I should expect to live no longer than three to six months. My doctor advised me to go home and get my affairs in order, which is doctor's code for prepare to die. It means to try to tell your kids everything you thought you'd have the next 10 years to tell them in just a few months. It means to make sure everything is buttoned up so that it will be as easy as possible for your family. It means to say your goodbyes.

I lived with that diagnosis all day. Later that evening I had a biopsy, where they stuck an endoscope down my throat, through my stomach and into my intestines, put a needle into my pancreas and got a few cells from the tumor. I was sedated, but my wife, who was there, told me that when they viewed the cells under a microscope the doctors started crying because it turned out to be a very rare form of pancreatic cancer that is curable with surgery. I had the surgery and I'm fine now.

This was the closest I've been to facing death, and I hope its the closest I get for a few more decades. Having lived through it, I can now say this to you with a bit more certainty than when death was a useful but purely intellectual concept:

No one wants to die. Even people who want to go to heaven don't want to die to get there. And yet death is the destination we all share. No one has ever escaped it. And that is as it should be, because Death is very likely the single best invention of Life. It is Life's change agent. It clears out the old to make way for the new. Right now the new is you, but someday not too long from now, you will gradually become the old and be cleared away. Sorry to be so dramatic, but it is quite true.

Your time is limited, so don't waste it living someone else's life. Don't be trapped by dogma - which is living with the results of other people's thinking. Don't let the noise of other's opinions drown out your own inner voice. And most important, have the courage to follow your heart and intuition. They somehow already know what you truly want to become. Everything else is secondary.

When I was young, there was an amazing publication called The Whole Earth Catalog, which was one of the bibles of my generation. It was created by a fellow named Stewart Brand not far from here in Menlo Park, and he brought it to life with his poetic touch. This was in the late 1960's, before personal computers and desktop publishing, so it was all made with typewriters, scissors, and polaroid cameras. It was sort of like Google in paperback form, 35 years before Google came along: it was idealistic, and overflowing with neat tools and great notions.

Stewart and his team put out several issues of The Whole Earth Catalog, and then when it had run its course, they put out a final issue. It was the mid-1970s, and I was your age. On the back cover of their final issue was a photograph of an early morning country road, the kind you might find yourself hitchhiking on if you were so adventurous. Beneath it were the words: "Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish." It was their farewell message as they signed off. Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish. And I have always wished that for myself. And now, as you graduate to begin anew, I wish that for you.

Stay Hungry. Stay Foolish.

Thank you all very much.

http://www.wiredatom.com/jobs_stanford_speech/

Past From Raindrops on Roses

2007-03-14T12:57:00.000+08:00

2006年12月4日千年一叹-Book Riview November 2006 A Sigh of a Thousand Years （《千年一叹》）Yu Qiuyu 余秋雨

Outline: In 1999, months before man entered the new millennium, Yu started a journey with the Phoenix TV crews, over the rims of Europe and Africa, and the West and South Asia, all of which once bred glorious civilizations, but now have become deserted or less prosperous. They started from Greece and Egypt, to the Middle East, Iraq, Iran, Pakistan, India, Nepal and finally back to China. Mile by mile across the deserts and borders, they were on auto wheels, penetrating through the areas of extreme poverty, disorder, and above all, dangers which kept on threatening their lives. Every night throughout the journey Yu kept writing an essay of their sights and feelings, which would be faxed and published at once the next day. This book is a collection of these essays.

These feelings are valuable because the respected Yu, being no amateur traveler, had learned what he could all his life on the history, legends, and the present situations of all these civilizations before setting out. And among those who have learned in China, few would risk their lives like he did.

Response: The memories are miserable, the most miserable being the memories themselves being cut off, and the residents now, being scarcely aware or able to recover the wound. Greek and Egyptian civilization thrived, but would later be conquered and destroyed by the Romans. Jerusalem, happening to be sacred city of the Christians and Muslims at the same time, has been burned to ground and buried deep below several times. Iraq, once the glorious Babylon, was now being sadly impoverished by Sadam’s regime and punished by the international society. The Indians abandoned Buddhism themselves, which can be felt as a religion of wisdom, and entered centuries of confusion. In comparison, the Chinese are lucky. In spite of the recent hundreds of years of painful memories, along with the crash of western values, we have our national history and cultural characters well preserved.

Reading this book can help us learn about those civilizations at a quick glance, but it is not a tool for you to made judgments, which can only be drawn based on sufficient experience and evidence made by yourself. 22:05

10月16日 What's up man

Seeing a girl walking off the pavement as I sped my bike down the avenue, passing by in a flash. She was too concentrated on, or rather, too distracted by the colorful banners on the side to notice me, that I had to swerve to avoid her. "Freshman," I said to myself, "Unbearably romantic."

If freedom is what I need, I should be saving up before I can pay for it, the price probably freedom itself. A man may have lost freedom forever in his heart, luckily, however, he'll still be able to buy it for somebody else.

The generation in a hurry. Get used to things which we thought was disgusting, but try not to pass them on to the next one.

But this may be wrong. You're invisible because u're not connected, and u're not a man, bcz u failed to come up with the solution. The ability to change and make things happen may be universal, for men. You're honorable in moral, well; you're deep in thoughts, nice. But nervous to talk to people? Unwilling to meet strangers? lost your ideas over a lot of things or on being a leader? I'm sorry, but you're out.

What's wrong with me? Just feeling excited about the new faces we chose into our asso., but meanwhile so sorry for those who were out. This entry may be in memory of the same days last year when earthquakes took place in so many people's minds. But are such earthquakes necessary? But, you know, any town will be all right before it is struck. 19:19

9月15日 Things that I've learned in my first College Year

1. People are different. We come from different places and have had different experiences.

2. Things need to be done by heart, which you have only one.

3. As adults, we have secrets which are not to be let out, no matter what cultural background we are in.

4. Value time. Try to plan everything but love.

5.Value friendship, but withdraw illusions upon love. It's expensive.

6.Try to know how the whole thing works, and what answers are expected, at least before the day you're somehow free.

7. Don't lose your dream, or you'll never be free.

I'm not here to judge, but these are true to me, and are the only thing I've possibly got to teach, as a "Senior". 19:17

8月30日 Don't Be Ugly

Just finished the freshmen board of MASU last night. It was really a close call. I don’t know what I’m doing here again because, admittedly, they’re all back.To be a language learner, one must withstand loneliness. And for the past whole year, I’ve been no language learner. I have no sooner recovered from the tire boredom than I’m faced with the school’s freshmen reception work again.

I felt terribly “unincluded” again this afternoon, among all of them. It’s quite beyond me why some people, me included in some ways, could appear to be so cheerful all the time while in fact doing rather poor. They pretend to enjoy work which, to them, doesn’t seem real.

But it does seem great, giving you a sense of achievement which no textbook directly provides. I don’t wanna get lost again, this year.

Confident, enthusiastic, unexhausted, how ugly all these may seem if they are not what you are, but just what you think you need to be.

9:13

8月18日 To Start With...

I'll start this space as the second page of my original one where, from now on, only contents in Chinese will be shown. Those who r interested and have come here to read what my friends once complained as "hard to understand", well, thank u really. You are most welcome here. I'm a college student in my sophomore year, majoring in Business English in Sun-Yat-sen University in the city of Zhuhai, China. I'll be learning French soon. I'm interested in various types of music, singing, literature, movies and computer skills. Sometimes I write my own songs too. Though work will be much tougher this year, I'll still be happy to share my thoughts and experience in, well, anything here with you my friends. And BTW, as a student dreaming of studying abroad, I always long for chances to practice both my spoken and written language, Ha-ha.

Welcome to my space, and DO leave comments! 11:50

Country Days - First Day of the New Year

2007-02-19T21:52:00.000+08:00

2007-2-18
Fifth day, the first day of the New Year. We woke up this morning and found our dog Daibo missing. Till now he has not returned. The firecrackers last night were too loud, and he was probably scared away. He must have found nowhere to hide before he lost his way or got caught by someone, for it was the same terribly noisy everywhere. For the first time in his life our New Year came as a test for him, yet it seems to our sorrow that he failed. I wish he could come back tomorrow. The only photo I took of him. God bless him wherever he goes.
[Photo of Daibo]

Boating is the only good exercise for me here.
[Photo of Boat]

Our baby, my youngest uncle’s little girl of 9 months, is always our super star.
[Photos of Little Chen]
[ ]
[ ]
Fireworks
In the country, as you probably knew, lots of firecrackers blast when people celebrate the lunar New Year. They are strings of thumb-sized cylinders of explosive dressed in thick layers of red paper. When it blows, the noise is devastating.
[Photos of Fireworks]

Yearly Practice
As not mentioned, “Ninlai”, our Yearly Practice, has two main parts. At the village square, lots of fireworks are bought by the Village Commune for everybody, and we’re free whether to let them off, watch the performance by and the drummers, or even see a movie shown outdoors. “Everybody has fun, thanks to our better life now” is what this part most likely means.
For a family of us, accordingly, there can be a feast. It would be a large one in this case, something usually thousands of Yuan, which used to be a matter of years of savings. Thus we do not do this often. Dozens of round tables are arranged, cooks are hired, and relatives, friends and acquaintances are called over in this little country assembling. The implication, as we can put it in this way, “Eat good things till you’re full, also thanks to the better life, of mine, of course.”
It’s a matter of face rather than something religiously traditional in Maoming Area, according to Dad’s experience. Or you can say, the love of face is part of our traditions.

I started receiving text messages from my friends last night. Thank you all, men.

Country Days

2007-02-18T16:45:00.000+08:00

2007-2-15
Country Roads

I’m again here now in the country, and hardly anything could I find to say for it. Nor for this quiet residence of ours, the new house, for whose first Lunar New Year I reluctantly come back with Mom and Dad this time.

Nothing to say, still nothing to say.
I’ve no idea the way how this peace of land talks, or how to find one way for it. In fact it has been imposed by the outside world their way, harsh and unhelpful.
The day villagers here start to realize the beauty of the nature, and start to love their woods, hills, rivers and fish ponds, is the moment a soul could be found here.

I was too unready to tell myself anything when arriving here at midnight, that all the above was all I wrote on a paper. Huazhou, this little town located west of Maoming with a development still too dear to promise, could draw no particular attention except a funny tongue distinctive from standard Cantonese. High temperature speeds up every life process, pleasantly that of birds and trees, unpleasantly that of moulds and bacteria, telling you that being lazy, as everyone around does, is the best way for easy survival here. You won’t find the uncanny scene here unbearable when you come, instead, just so natural. All dirt and waste with streets and bowls unclean, lazy workers, all mix perfectly with the hot tropical air and its pre-industrial peace. It’s dirty, but, hey, leave it. Newer blocks of houses of almost the same one repulsively dull shape, rise along the roads between the fields.
Don’t be mistaken. This is by no means my hometown. I would rather refer to it as my father’s, not mine, not even if I wish, and even if I had not been born in Guangzhou. Or it would be had Dad and Mom thought it a good idea to let me stay here longer when I was a very young boy.

2007-2-16
Country Peace
Here we are, the tiny settlement of Daichin(大村, ridiculously meaning “big village”) northeast off downtown where my grandparents spent all their life and would rather spend the rest of it.

Being the eldest among his six siblings, four of them now away in Guangzhou and Shenzhen, my father undertook the task of erecting for their parents a new shelter, the old one already too shabby and dangerous to live in. Though a little loud to me in color, our three-storied building is of nice design.

Forget about poverty, boredom and ignorance, one of the pleasant attractions of the country comes from nature, the color. Green, of life, all year round, as you can breathe it. The woods are green, of bamboos, banana leaves, and banyan trees; the lands are green, of rice fields, grass at the roadsides; the fish pools are green, of algae and other water plants.

Let’s take a brief look at what believe here. Like most rural communities in China, rather than one single god we have gods of different names including ancestors of one family, and like most others, traditional beliefs are losing the battle in young people’s minds. Customs, valued only by the elders, is virtually a burden to carry out to their descendents making a living far away. Not until in late nineteen nineties, long after the devastating Cultural Revolution, did old villagers re-establish a temple for gods, namely historical figures such as Kwan, at the southeast end of the village. Another god of ours leads a tougher life: the local “Father of Land”, as “Tudi Ye”(土地爷) in Mandarin, has its place believed at the foot of the largest banyan tree of the village. Worshiping of either has always been by no means something sacred, in which on a fine day a family collects and come to the place and knell down and pray, burn sticks of incense (giving fragrant smell), displaying food, a message of reporting peaceful life and no hunger. Paper is burned, as an act of sending money. Finally we light noise-making firecrackers, to scare away ghosts and evils. Such events, relating with good luck gods can give us to our life, are never serious but firm in the mind of a country man, seeing elders doing so since his childhood, though allowing him to play whatever faces before god.
Our night is dark and silent. Leaning againt the window of my room I saw one corner of the sky lit up by urban lights approaching and threatening what suddenly came to my mind as one truly important element of life here- peace. Frogs and birds singing in the pool and in the trees, bamboo whistling as wind blows, darkness when no light of our neighbors is on. Too sad it is going to vanish as the town gradually expands. All this, which we take for granted through generations, will be gone with the wind as population grows and villagers as well as urban dwellers feel obliged to have more housing here.

2007-2-17
Country Kids
The third day since I was here, entering New Year’s Eve tomorrow, as I have been finding it such warm pleasure being with children from the countryside. They are like the country scenes I’ve taken picture of, they were born and bred here, kids of the nature. Having their pre-school education at home and with their neighbors, something adult-like of them makes them lovely and easier to talk to. Unlike wayward kids in the city, they are helpful and they listen to you on what to do and what not to. On the other hand unlike their parents they have a sense that is more brightly expressed and felt. For instance they seem to be the only ones here aware of the beauty of the country.
I took the following pictures of them, three kids of a neighbouring family of ours, as they showed me around.

18/02/2007
Country Year
The fourth day, the New Year’s Eve comes at the top of all things. We’ve got to get prepared everything in this new but messy little house. My Uncles, aunts and cousins began arriving since yesterday. Our lives have all changed a lot, unbelievably, though which we scarcely share. Though I got up earlier this morning and ready to lend a hand, I somehow found labor work, after all, is not my type. The kids cleaned everything from tables to stools. Our men cleared up the courtyard to make room for car parking. My mother and my aunts worked together and a bamboo rack is put up for hanging wet clothes. Oh, water, I forgot how many times Dad and I have to pump it up today.
What we are so driven out for is traditional and exceptional. One of the traditions with utmost importance, in the mind of my grandparents and the villagers, is the Annual Feast, as reads Ninlai(年例) in Cantonese, an event which in our village, usually begins on the third day of the New Year. Acquantants are invited to eat for free. Not every family present one every year because it is expensive. We decided to have one this year for the simple reason we have a new house.

The Complete List: The Top 100 Global Universities by Newsweek

2007-01-08T17:46:00.000+08:00

I read this article in Newsweek and found it so helpful, that I couldn't help posting it here, as the start-up of my blog. However I found this version slightly different from that on the Magazine Mid August last year. Thanks to Newsweek. Ranking isn't really anything actually, but when we make choices, and there are too many to choose from, so...

Web Exclusive
Newsweek International

Aug. 13, 2006 - In response to the same forces that have propelled the world economy toward global integration, universities have also become more self-consciously global: seeking students from around the world who represent the entire spec trum of cultures and values, sending their own students abroad to prepare them for global careers, offering courses of study that address the challenges of an inter connected world and collaborative research programs to advance science for the benefit of all humanity. To capture these developments, NEWSWEEK devised a ranking of global universities that takes into account openness and diversity, as well as distinction in research.

We evaluated schools on some of the measures used in well-known rankings published by Shanghai Jiaotong University and the Times of London Higher Education Survey. Fifty percent of the score came from equal parts of three measures used by Shanghai Jiatong: the number of highly-cited researchers in various academic fields, the number of articles published in Nature and Science, and the number of articles listed in the ISI Social Sciences and Arts & Humanities indices. Another 40 percent of the score came from equal parts of four measures used by the Times: the percentage of international faculty, the percentage of international students, citations per faculty member (using ISI data), and the ratio of faculty to students. The final 10 percent came from library holdings (number of volumes).

Here is our ranking:

1. Harvard University
2. Stanford University
3. Yale University
4. California Institute of Technology
5. University of California at Berkeley
6. University of Cambridge
7. Massachusetts Institute Technology
8. Oxford University
9. University of California at San Francisco
10. Columbia University
11. University of Michigan at Ann Arbor
12. University of California at Los Angeles
13. University of Pennsylvania
14. Duke University
15. Princeton Universitty
16. Tokyo University
17. Imperial College London
18. University of Toronto
19. Cornell University
20. University of Chicago
21. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Zurich
22. University of Washington at Seattle
23. University of California at San Diego
24. Johns Hopkins University
25. University College London
26. Swiss Federal Institute of Technology in Lausanne
27. University Texas at Austin
28. University of Wisconsin at Madison
29. Kyoto University
30. University of Minnesota Twin Cities
31. University of British Columbia
32. University of Geneva
33. Washington University in St. Louis
34. London School of Economics
35. Northwestern University
36. National University of Singapore
37. University of Pittsburgh
38. Australian National University
39. New York University
40. Pennsylvania State University
41. University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill
42. McGill University
43. Ecole Polytechnique
44. University of Basel
45. University of Maryland
46. University of Zurich
47. University of Edinburgh
48. University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign
49. University of Bristol
50. University of Sydney
51. University of Colorado at Boulder
52. Utrecht University
53. University of Melbourne
54. University of Southern California
55. University of Alberta
56. Brown University
57. Osaka University
58. University of Manchester
59. University of California at Santa Barbara
60. Hong Kong University of Science and Technology
61. Wageningen University
62. Michigan State University
63. University of Munich
64. University of New South Wales
65. Boston University
66. Vanderbilt University
67. University of Rochester
68. Tohoku University
69. University of Hong Kong
70. University of Sheffield
71. Nanyang Technological University
72. University of Vienna
73. Monash University
74. University of Nottingham
75. Carnegie Mellon University
76. Lund University
77. Texas A&M University
78. University of Western Australia
79. Ecole Normale Super Paris
80. University of Virginia
81. Technical University of Munich
82. Hebrew University of Jerusalem
83. Leiden University
84. University of Waterloo
85. King's College London
86. Purdue University
87. University of Birmingham
88. Uppsala University
89. University of Amsterdam
90. University of Heidelberg
91. University of Queensland
92. University of Leuven
93. Emory University
94. Nagoya University
95. Case Western Reserve University
96. Chinese University of Hong Kong
97. University of Newcastle
98. Innsbruck University
99. University of Massachusetts at Amherst
100. Sussex University

Thanks to: © 2006 Newsweek, Inc.